The samples were too small for statistical analysis. Structure of the report The main body of the report covers the findings from the service user samples, with three separate chapters outlining findings from the heterosexual male, LGBT and BME groups respectively. The findings from the service provider interviews are referred to where appropriate, although most of the service provider findings are outlined in Appendix 2.
Overall, the data included 33 such respondents with experience of domestic violence 13 of whom identified as BME7 8. However, despite extensive attempts to recruit heterosexual men with experience of sexual violence as adults, only one BME man was recruited via the online-survey. This may reflect the small numbers of heterosexual men who experience sexual violence as adults from female partners or others see Povey et al. This is echoed by other research see Robinson and Rowlands, However, it was not clear whether the men were heterosexual.
Their experiences are included here as they provide some limited evidence of how heterosexual men may access sexual violence and related services as adults. One of these men was also in the domestic violence interview sample. Domestic violence Extent and nature of domestic violence Data on the prevalence of heterosexual domestic abuse in general populations indicate that while heterosexual men and women may experience similar domestic violence behaviours, there are also important differences.
Based on research with female victims, we may expect that domestic violence involves behaviours whether physical, sexual, psychological, emotional, verbal, financial etc. Like heterosexual women, the men in the current study experienced a range of abusive behaviour, some of which was ongoing and severe and linked to fear and control. The nature of the abuse varied from serious physical assault to issues of harassment experienced post separation in relation to child contact. Some of the men appeared to be both victims and perpetrators of domestic violence.
The following sections focus mainly on the findings from the support service sample as this tended to provide more wide-ranging and richer data. The 22 men in the support service sample were asked about their most recent, first and worst incident of domestic violence. The majority of incidents for this group were arguments with female partners and sometimes children that escalated to physical violence: about finances, about children discipline and contact and housework, about other partners, and about drug and alcohol issues.
As with female victims, for the men most incidents took place in the home, a few at places of work and sometimes in public spaces. The first incident took place between one month to 54 years into the relationship concerned, with a median of three years. Table 2. The range of experiences are similar to those of female victims, although none of the men in this sample reported sexual abuse from female partners Almost all the men experienced verbal abuse, and the majority physical violence some resulting in injury , mainly from female partners but also from other family members; for instance one man was attacked by his step-son when he went to collect his belongings.
Six men talked about a 12 The data from the online or interview samples was not as detailed, and could not be analysed systematically in this way 13 The US NVAW Survey Tjaden and Thoennes, found that 0.
LESBIAN, GAY AND BISEXUAL ANTI-VIOLENCE AND POLICING GROUP
The BCS does not similarly differentiate rape or sexual assault by intimate partners. Two men experienced serious physical attack resulting in injury, with one hospitalised as a result.
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Two men did not relate any specific incidents, and described their experience as concerning child contact arrangements. Of the other men interviewed14 additional experiences included one man injured in a serious assault by his son; another experienced abuse from male relatives in relation to issues of forced marriage; and one had experience of childhood sexual abuse as well as violence from his female partner in a previous relationship. Fear of partner 14 This applies to the interview sample.
There were no details for the online sample of the types of behaviours experienced. The 22 men in the support service sample were consequently asked about whether they were frightened of their partners and visa versa Fourteen out of 22 men said they were or had been in fear of their partners, while two feared other men who had threatened them on behalf of their partners. While some of the men feared what their partners might do to them, others feared what the women would do to themselves, or their children. Fear was also related to potential malicious allegations and not just to fear of physical or other abuse.
However, five men stated they were not frightened of their partner, and one man said he thought his partner was frightened of him. This subgroup of six men were thus unlikely to have been experiencing the severe type of power and control over them. Victim and perpetrator Previous research in the UK has found that, while both men and women presenting as victims of domestic violence may also be using violence against their partners, female victims are much more likely to use violence as self- protection, male perpetrators are more likely to be the primary aggressors, and men may also be overstating their victimisation Gadd et al.
In the current study, additional 16 Similar data was not available for the other samples.
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Further information about 15 of the 22 support service cases was available from the police, which showed that there were more frequent police incidents recorded than had been described by the men. In seven of the 15 cases it appeared that the man was minimising his own abusive behaviour and was also implicated as a potential perpetrator of abuse.
All 22 clients were also asked about whether their partners, or they themselves, had ever been subject to police or other criminal or civil law intervention.
This provided further indications of some men being both victims and perpetrators. One man and his partner were currently subject to a non-molestation order, with one partner being subject to an order in the past. Six clients and four partners two from the same couple had been arrested at some time in relation to domestic violence. Four of the men and three partners had been convicted of a domestic violence related offence, including one couple. Two domestic violence services were aimed exclusively at men.
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While all of the statutory sector agencies said they provided services to male and LGBT and BME service users, only about a quarter claimed any specialisation in working with these groups. Service providers also identified a lack of advocacy or holistic support of the type available to heterosexual women Hester and Westmarland, ; Howarth et al. Police involvement There was police involvement at least once in most of the support service cases, with an average of two involvements and a maximum of ten. Four of these men talked about female partners having called the police, with an average of 2.
Other UK research indicates that women perpetrators may be more forthcoming about what they 17 From the interview sample. In 12 out of 22 support service cases the most recent domestic violence incident had police intervention. While most of these cases involved partner violence, in one instance the man received phone and text messages about a fight between his partner and son, and consequently called the police.
In five out of 12 instances the men left the vicinity of the perpetrator when the police intervened. This may echo other research findings, that male victims may actively manage their safety and protect themselves by leaving the vicinity of the perpetrators Hester, Substance misuse Less than a quarter of the men in the support service sample 5 out of 22 raised issues of drug or alcohol abuse in relation to either themselves or their partners.
Although the numbers are small, this appears to be a smaller proportion than identified in other UK research involving probation or police samples Gilchrist et al. One partner in the current study was reported to be using amphetamines, one using crack and heroin, and three using alcohol. One man said he was himself alcohol dependent and also claimed to have received treatment for this. One partner also appeared to be receiving treatment for alcohol dependency. In our support service sample only one of the 22 men identified as having mental health issues, whereas six of the men thought their female partners suffered from a mental health issue - including one woman with depression, one with personality disorder, one with self-harm, and two with some other mental health problems.
One of the men identified that his partner had previously suffered from post-natal depression. This echoes findings from studies directly comparing male and female perpetrators of domestic violence, which have indicated a higher level of mental health issues for female perpetrators Saunders, The men in the support service sample were also asked whether either they or their partner had received counselling in relation to domestic violence.
More than a third 8 out of 22 of the men had received counselling 5 out of 11 BME and 3 out of 7 white men. Five partners were also thought to have received counselling, although men might not have known if their female partners had received counselling post-separation. How they accessed domestic violence services The men across the sample groups accessed services via a variety of routes, including referral by other services or actively seeking information about services themselves.
Nearly all the 22 men in the support service sample had been referred to the domestic violence support services following involvement by the police. Their feedback about the domestic violence support services, however, was positive, describing the services as: supportive; invaluable; very helpful; that they felt heard and taken seriously; and that the services were easy to access.
The five male heterosexual respondents to the on-line survey had all used or attempted to use services as a result of domestic violence in the last five years To find and access appropriate services, they had used the telephone directory, the internet, their GP, and one respondent contacted a service after having seen a poster.
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However, only three of these five respondents had successfully accessed services, involving therapeutic counselling, advocacy services, and an advice helpline. Some interviewees were aware that generic services were available to both men and women, and most knew they could go to their GP in order to access counselling or other interventions.
It is possible that these GB men had experienced domestic violence in a previous heterosexual relationship, but the data collected is unable to clarify this. Multiple abusers Those men who had experienced abuse from more than one abuser were especially worried about the reaction from service providers: People are normally just a bit shocked.
But I have to be careful who I tell again, because of this general impression, um, and for fear of being ostracised. Gender specific services Not surprisingly given their experience that there was little or no support, the on-line respondents believed that services should be available to all of those subject to domestic violence, irrespective of gender.
They did not mention the need for male only services. By contrast, interview sample respondents felt it was important to have services for men only, because the dynamics of a group might change if women were present, and the men felt that they might not open up emotionally if women were also present as service users. Sexual violence Extent and nature of sexual violence - male victims of child sexual abuse The literature on sexual violence against male victims, and as adult survivors of child sexual abuse, is limited. One consistent theme is the similarities experienced by both male and female victims of sexual violence, whether as children or adults.
Another theme is how the construct of masculinity may cause possible confusion for men regarding sexual orientation after experiencing sexual abuse from male perpetrators see Struckman-Johnson, ; Tomlinson and Harrison, ; Itzin, They felt the general silence in society about men experiencing sexual violence, made it particularly difficult for them to deal with the issue. Need for positive response The men talked about the importance of partners, employers and others responding positively. The other also 23 See Radford et al. She saw him as a potential perpetrator against other children and reported him to the police as a result.
Sexual violence service use and need - male victims child sexual abuse Echoing other UK research on help-seeking by men who have experienced domestic violence Hester et al.