Under the terms of the consolidation, the Radcliffe Yard and the Radcliffe Quadrangle retain the "Radcliffe" designation in perpetuity. The "Harvard Annex," a private program for the instruction of women by Harvard faculty, was founded in after prolonged efforts by women to gain access to Harvard College. In conversations with the chair of Harvard's classics department, he outlined a plan to have Harvard faculty deliver instruction to a small group of Cambridge and Boston women.
Building upon Gilman's premise, the committee convinced 44 members of the Harvard faculty to consider giving lectures to female students in exchange for extra income paid by the committee. The program came to be known informally as "The Harvard Annex. Courses were offered in Greek, Latin, English, German, French, Italian, and Spanish; philosophy, political economy, history, music, mathematics, physics, and natural history.
The committee members hoped that by raising an enticing endowment for The Annex they would be able to convince Harvard to admit women directly into Harvard College. However, the university resisted. Only after generations of civil freedom and social equality will it be possible to obtain the data necessary for an adequate discussion of woman's natural tendencies, tastes, and capabilities It is not the business of the University to decide this mooted point.
Some of President Eliot's objections stemmed from 19th-century notions of propriety. He was strongly against co-education, commenting that "The difficulties involved in a common residence of hundreds of young men and women of immature character and marriageable age are very grave. The necessary police regulations are exceedingly burdensome. The committee persevered despite Eliot's skepticism. Indeed, the project proved to be a success, attracting a growing number of students. In subsequent years, on-going discussions with Harvard about admitting women directly into the university still came to a dead end, and instead Harvard and the Annex negotiated the creation of a degree-granting institution, with Harvard professors serving as its faculty and visiting body.
By , the Globe could headline a story: "Sweet Girls. They Graduate in Shoals at Radcliffe. Commencement Exercises at Sanders Theatre. Galleries Filled with Fair Friends and Students. Handsome Mrs. Agassiz Made Fine Address. Probably in all the history of colleges in America there could not be found a story so full of colour and interest as that of the beginning of this woman's college.
The bathroom of the little house was pressed into service as a laboratory for physics, students and instructors alike making the best of all inconveniences.
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Because the institution was housed with a private family, generous mothering was given to the girls when they needed it. Moving on from the little house, in the first two decades of the 20th century Radcliffe championed the beginnings of its own campus consisting of the Radcliffe Yard and the Radcliffe Quadrangle in Cambridge, Massachusetts , not far from that of Harvard. The original Radcliffe gymnasium and library, and the Bertram, Whitman, Eliot, and Barnard dormitories were constructed during this period. With the s and s came dormitories Briggs Hall and Cabot Hall on the Quadrangle, and in the Radcliffe Yard the administrative building Byerly Hall and the classroom building Longfellow Hall Mary Almy was the architect.
Retrieved May 18, Radcliffe's optimistic construction activities during this period belied a somewhat tense relationship with Harvard.
Despite — or perhaps more accurately, because of — Radcliffe's success in its early years there were still Harvard faculty who resented the women's institution. English professor Barrett Wendell warned his colleagues about continued cooperation with Radcliffe, stating that Harvard could "suddenly find itself committed to coeducation somewhat as unwary men lay themselves open to actions for breach of promise.
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Lawrence Lowell still took a dim view of Radcliffe, maintaining that the time Harvard professors spent providing lectures to women distracted the faculty from their scholarship, and providing Radcliffe women access to research facilities and Harvard museums was — in his view — an unnecessary burden on the university's resources.
He threatened to scuttle the relationship between the two institutions. Radcliffe was forced to agree to a limitation on the size of its student body, with spaces for undergraduates and for graduate students. In Ada Comstock , a leader in the movement to provide women with higher education who hailed from the University of Minnesota and Smith College , became the college's third president, and a key figure in the College's early 20th-century development. Speaking of her, one alumna remembers that "we were in awe of 'Miss Comstock Ada Comstock had an extraordinary presence—she radiated dignity, strength, and decisiveness.
From to Harvard administered the Harvard Examinations for Women to increase women's educational opportunities after being pressured by the Women's Education Association of Boston. During these seven years, women participated and only 36 received certificates. Women could then also be admitted into the "Harvard Annex", the women's version of a college education. The "Harvard Examinations for Women" included subjects such as history; literature of Shakespeare and Chaucer; languages such as Latin, French, and German; botany; and mathematics. These tests were similar to the admittance exam given to men applying to Harvard College.
When a woman passed a subject, she would receive a signed certificate from Harvard's president acknowledging her passing mark.
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The Harvard Examinations for Women ultimately ended two years after "Harvard Annex" officially became Radcliffe College, the women's equivalent to Harvard. The Office of the President was created with the incorporation of the Society for the Collegiate Instruction of Women in The Society became Radcliffe College in In his history of Radcliffe, David McCord set the College apart from the other Seven Sister institutions, stating that "there is one respect in which Radcliffe differs from her sisters, and this should be made clear.
Although she divides with Barnard , Bryn Mawr and Wellesley all advantages of a large city, and enjoys the further privilege of being front-fence neighbor to Harvard University , Radcliffe alone has had from the first the strength of a university faculty. Thus, from the beginning, Radcliffe has been a woman's Harvard.
It is still a separate institution, with its own corporation, receiving from Harvard no financial aid. In fact, M. Carey Thomas , the second president and chief visionary of Bryn Mawr College, had actually lobbied against the conversion of the Society for the Collegiate Instruction of Women into Radcliffe College precisely because the Cambridge rival's access to a university faculty competed with Bryn Mawr's own academic ambitions.
During the s, the school conferred more PhDs to women than any schools other than Columbia and the University of Chicago. Because Radcliffe's faculty was Harvard's, in the college's first 50 years professors from Harvard — each under individual contracts with the Radcliffe administration — duplicated lectures, providing them first for men in the Harvard Yard and then crossing the Cambridge Common to provide the same lectures to women in the Radcliffe Yard.
Of this experience Professor Elwood Byerly wrote that he "always found the spirit, industry, and ability of the girls admirable—indeed, the average has been higher in my mathematics classes in the Annex than in my classes at the college. The New York Times reported with surprise in that all of the prizes offered in a playwriting competition at Harvard and Radcliffe that year were won by Radcliffe students. One of the Harvard contributions received honorable mention.
In the early s the newspaper also reported that "taking the same courses and exams as Harvard, 60 percent of Radcliffe's girls [sic] were on the Dean's List as compared with 42 percent of Harvard men [sic]. However, in the College's early years not all Harvard faculty and administrators took Radcliffe students seriously. The Harvard administration was at best ambivalent about the notion of faculty members cooperating with the women's institution. Harvard President Eliot in communicated to a faculty member he intended to hire that "There is no obligation to teach at The Annex.
Those professors who on general grounds take an interest in the education of women Dorothy Howells notes that "Allegations were made that Radcliffe was a "vampire" and a "temptress" enticing the teacher from his career-advancing research and publication with the lure of additional income. Ruth Hubbard , a member of the Harvard faculty from to and a member of the Radcliffe class of , noted that "the senior Harvard professors were less than thrilled to have to repeat their lectures at Radcliffe. The lower rank faculty members, who were sometimes detailed off to teach the introductory science courses at Radcliffe instead of teaching Harvard students, felt even more declasse.
Marion Cannon Schlesinger, Radcliffe Class of , noted that "there were, to be sure, certain professors who looked with horror at the incursions of women into the sacred precincts of Harvard College , even at the safe distance of the Radcliffe Yard, and would have nothing to do with the academic arrangements by which their colleagues taught the Radcliffe girls.
Professor Roger Merriman, for example, the first master of Eliot House and a professor of history, would not have been caught dead teaching a Radcliffe class. During World War II , declines in male enrollment at Harvard and heightened sensitivity about the use of resources called for a new, more efficient arrangement concerning faculty time.
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Under the leadership of President Comstock, Radcliffe and Harvard signed an agreement that for the first time allowed Radcliffe and Harvard students to attend the same classes in the Harvard Yard, officially beginning joint instruction in Equally significant, the agreement ended the era in which individual faculty members at Harvard could choose whether to enter contracts with Radcliffe.
The agreement instead opened the entire Harvard catalogue to Radcliffe students, in exchange for which Radcliffe made a payment to Harvard of a fixed portion of Radcliffe tuitions. President Comstock noted that the agreement was "the most significant event since our charter was granted in In practice a few holdouts on the Harvard faculty maneuvered around this obligation by announcing that their classes had "limited enrollment" and then limiting enrollment solely to male students.
At the time both Harvard and Radcliffe were adamant in telling the press that this arrangement was "joint instruction" but not "coeducation. Most extra-curricular activities at the two colleges remained separate. This success was orchestrated in tandem with additional housing construction. The Jordan Cooperative Houses — an option for students to engage in more communal living, with student responsibility for shopping for food, preparing meals and housekeeping — were built in , and the College purchased Wolbach Hall, an apartment building also known as Walker Street, in In that year, President Mary Bunting reorganized the autonomous Radcliffe dormitories into "houses," mirroring Harvard's houses and Yale's residential colleges.
The three houses North, South, and East were eventually consolidated into two North and South , and then in the college completed construction of Currier House , the first Radcliffe House designed with the "House Plan" in mind. Bunting felt that the house system would give Radcliffe students an intellectual community comparable to what Harvard students were getting, bringing together faculty and students in a way the free-standing Radcliffe dormitories did not, and allowing all to see with greater clarity the aspirations, capabilities, and interests of undergraduate women.
Speaking generally about her philosophy for Radcliffe, President Bunting noted that "part of our special purpose is to convey to our students and through them to others that there is no basic conflict between being intellectual and being feminine.
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Bunting also established the Radcliffe Institute in The institute — a precursor to the current Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study — gave financial support, access to research libraries and facilities, and recognition to scholarly women who had taken time away from intellectual pursuits to focus on home and family. In providing women with a venue to return to academe, Bunting was recognizing that traditional academic institutions were premised on a male life trajectory where a scholar's domestic concerns were taken care of by someone else usually a wife.
The Radcliffe Institute later renamed the Bunting Institute was an institution premised on the needs of a female life trajectory, providing opportunities that might otherwise have been truncated by women's decisions during early adulthood to leave academia to raise children. Darke added, "Dating a famous person teaches you very quickly that shit is weird sometimes. People are weird with fame sometimes. Darke and Radcliffe have been together for the better part of a decade, but there's no wedding in the works.